Cultural Anthropology And Cultural Diversity - 1017 Words

The cultures’ of everyone around the world are so varied and interesting. Sometimes a person visiting a foreign country, state, or region may find it difficult to even comprehend the actions of people within a certain culture. Even anthropologists are often astounded by how much difference exists in the world. Culture is typically something sacred to a group of people, but it does have a tendency to change overtime. Although there are many different aspects to culture, so much so that their is a whole field dedicated to researching and understanding it, it’s ultimately defined by its interpretations, differentiations, and adaptations. In Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity, a few chapters are dedicated to explaining the field of anthropology and culture within an anthropological context. The first definition of cultures presented is, â€Å"Cultures are traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them,† (Kottak, 2014, 3). This definition clearly covers a lot of ground, and was likely drawn from many different perspectives. Another view provided later on was, â€Å"Culture†¦ is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as member of society,† (Tylor, 1871/1958, 1). Kottak’s definition seems to be more broad, whereas Tylor’s is very specific in its application of what qualifies as culture. DifferenceShow MoreRelatedThe World A Global Village1644 Words   |  7 Pagestaking places through colonialism, economic transformations, media culture, and many social-cultural paradigms, which seem to be making the world a global village. From the past, historians and sociologists have looked at how these dynamic changes affect humanity, and the role they play in shaping the future of social human interaction as it is known. All together, the re has been an escalation of cultural globalization, which is a phenomenon that is experienced in daily life. This phenomenon is influencedRead MoreApplying Anthropology to Nursing Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Anthropology to Nursing Medical Anthropology is dedicated to the relationship between human behavior, social life, and health within an anthropological context. It provides a forum for inquiring into how knowledge, meaning, livelihood, power, and resource distribution are shaped and how, in turn, these observable facts go on to shape patterns of disease, experiences of health and illness, and the organization of treatments. It focuses on many different topics including the politicalRead MoreEssay about Understanding Culture820 Words   |  4 Pagescomplete cultural fluency in more than one culture is impossible. However, culture is a learned behavior therefore people should be able to learn and become fluent in more than one. Culture is distinctly human and is transmitted through learning traditions and customs that govern behavior. Cultural anthropologists study human society and culture through describing, analyzing, interpreting and explaining social and cultural similarities and differences. To study and interpret cultural diversity theyRead MoreA Study Of Culture And Marvin Harris Cultural Materialism1688 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropology as the study of culture is an intricate practice guided by theory to generate explanatory value from encountered societies. This paper will examine two contrasting angles provided by Ruth Benedict’s configurational anthropology in Patterns of Culture and Marvin Harris’ cultural materialism in Cannibals and Kings. Whereas Benedict’s configurational anthropology approaches culture as an expressive art form, Harris’s cultural materialism explains the peculiarities of cultural customs asRead MoreGender and Sexuality in Culture1053 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity or rather, the lack of understanding diversity may be one of the most prevalent issues in the world today. Though the World Wide Web has bridged the cultural gap some, it will never fully or accurately reveal the truth simply because it is difficult to fully understand cultural meanings from an outsider’s perspective. Before the internet, careers in anthropology and similar fields made information available through ethnographic readings and studies. A key inquiry anthropologists seekRead MoreThe Full Scope Of Human Life871 Words   |  4 Pagesbe human. Many fields such as history, psychology, and sociology all offer a perspective in the study of humanity, but there are distinguishable from anthropology. Anthropology differs from other humanities fields due to its holistic nature, comparative research methods, and the strong emphasis on fieldwork and participant interaction. Anthropology is the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to different environments, communicate and socialize withRead MoreEthnicity, Culture And Identity1362 Words   |  6 Pagesstrive to understand the changes happening around us. The definitions of each of these words are controversial as everyone interprets them differently. Ethnicity refers to ‘The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition’, culture refers to the patterns of social organisations, economy, and beliefs that are learned and shared by members of a social group.’ and identity is a person s conception and expression of their own and others individuality or groupRead MoreReview of Conrad Kottaks Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity2863 Words   |  11 PagesConrad Kottaks Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity (12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008), having gone through 12 editions since its first publication in 1974, deserves its reputation as a widely-used comprehensive introduction for undergraduates to the field of anthropology. As with other recently published textbooks, it is a multifaceted, colorful production that includes an ebook version, a CD-ROM, and supplementary Website material. With this extensive array of material it appliesRead MoreBecoming An Anthropologist : A Study Of Cultural Anthropology And Still Maintain Individual Core Beliefs1423 Words   |  6 PagesBecoming an Anthropologist Is it possible to overcome the ignorance of bigotry and prejudice by practicing anthropology in one’s daily life? Is it possible to engage in the study of cultural anthropology and still maintain individual core beliefs? These are the questions that will be addressed in the next few pages. Growing up in a home where formal education was considered of little value, and people of other races and ethnicities were considered as less than or undesirable, I came to adulthoodRead MoreThe Archaeological Theory Of Practice1451 Words   |  6 Pages It emphasized that cultural History subdivided historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groups by their physical culture, rejecting a comparative method and independent cultural development, with documentation reflecting the development of specific groups have distinctive set of traits unique to each cultural group. It explained change was caused by diffusion and migration in which research with spatial and temporal time and space systematics to shape cultural forms over time that

PSY 315 WEEK 4 PROBLEMS - 871 Words

Week 4 Practice Problems 11. List the five steps of hypothesis testing, and explain the procedure and logic of each Step 1: During this step of hypothesis testing, the query is stated again as a research theory and a null theory regarding the populations. The null and research hypothesizes are the opposites of each other. This step is necessary because it explains the theory and recognizes the populations, which will be worked throughout the study. Step 2: During this second step, the characteristics of the comparison distribution is determined. In instances that the null theory is correct, the comparison distribution is compared to the score depending on the sample’s outcomes. Step 3: During this third step, the cutoff sample†¦show more content†¦Below all five steps of hypothesis testing will be examined to determine what the researcher should conclude: Step 1: Since the question needs to be restated as a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis about the populations, the new question would be â€Å"Does listening to music while solving math problems make a particular brain area more active?† (Whitaker, 2013). Population 1: Music increases math problem solving skills. Population 2: Music has no effect on math problem solving skills. Step 2:This step determines the characteristics of the comparison distribution. Therefore, in this research, it is assumed that music increases math problem solving skills. Since the null hypothesis is â€Å"music has no effect on math problem solving skills , the comparison distribution is population two’s distribution. Step 3: Since during this step, the researcher has to â€Å"determine the cutoff sample score on the comparison distribution at which the null hypothesis should be rejected†, the null hypothesis will be rejected if the music has no effect on math problem solving skills score is within the bottom or the top 2.5% of the comparison distribution (Aron, Aron, and Coup, 2009). Furthermore the cutoff Z scores for the 1% level are -2.33 or 2.33. Step 4: The sample’s score on the comparison distribution is determined which in his case is Z=Show MoreRelatedMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagesphilippine studies Ateneo de Manila University †¢ Loyola Heights, Quezon City †¢ 1108 Philippines Philippine Commonwealth and Cult of Masculinity Alfred W. Mccoy Philippine Studies vol. 48, no. 3 (2000): 315–346 Copyright  © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and printRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesand for other purposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH

Sustainability Of The Conventional Agro Food System

Over the last three decades, both in the academic and policy discourses it is possible to observe a common concern about the sustainability of the conventional agro-food system. The mainstream agro-food system is highly concentrated in the hands of a few large, private corporations, and that concentration is increasing [1]. The procurement system is vertically and horizontally integrated, global in scale, and aimed at maximizing efficiency and profit [2]. Even if the vertical integration and consolidation of the mainstream agro-food system has unquestionably contributed to achieving higher productivity levels along the food supply chain, at the same time, such development model mainly based on economic efficiency and profit maximization,†¦show more content†¦Even if there is a common agreement that AFNs could offer the opportunity to revitalize local rural communities by letting small and medium-scale food producers to meet the consumers’ demand for accessing to local fresh produce, their market share is still extremely small compared to mainstream agro-food system [10]. Moreover, every different form of AFNs, in the attempt to minimize the number of intermediaries in the food supply chains, require considerable commitment from both farmers and consumers. They perform activities that intermediaries carry out in the mainstream agro-business system and they manage the related informational flows. The direct marketing and selling activities in the AFNs are highly labour-intensive and often they are not very profitable for producers, due to a low volume of sales, high logistic and marketing costs, as well as competition from supermarkets [8]. Some authors have argued that the alternative food movement and their initiatives lack the appropriate scale to transition into mainstream markets and to represent a concrete sustainable alternative [1]. [2], [8]. To overcome the major obstacle to the growth of AFNs, in recent years Food Hubs (FHs) have been em erging as a promising way to face the challenges ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about Organic Agriculture991 Words   |  4 Pagesto northern Europe in the 1920’s, however it was not until recently that the movement gained attention and the debate between organic verses conventional agriculture began. The organic movement started because of increasing concern about the environment and food quality which are still the two main topics of the debate today. Unfortunately, in terms of food quality, it is difficult to prove that organic products are healthier than conventionally grown products. This is not because of a lack ofRead MoreEfforts to Increase the Food Supply Through Herbicide Resistant Plants734 Words   |  3 PagesThe increase of food supply can solve the hunger and poverty problem in certain countries in the world due to food shortage crisis. According to Thayer (1999), there is 71% of the land is planted with herbicide–tolerant plants compared to insecticideâ⠂¬â€œresistant crops. Crops can be genetically modified into herbicide–tolerant crops in order to increase their resistance towards herbicide as well as to prolong their life spans (Uzogara, 2000). Therefore, herbicides can destroy many target weeds whichRead MoreAttaining Food Security For A Growing Population And Alleviating Poverty Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesAttaining food security for a growing population and alleviating poverty while sustaining agricultural systems under the current scenario of depleting natural resources, negative impacts of climatic variability, spiraling cost of inputs and volatile food prices are the major challenge before most of the Asian countries (Bhan and Behera, 2014). In addition to these challenges, the principal indicators of non-sustainability of agricultural systems include; soil erosion, soil organic matter declineRead MoreThe Agricultural Revolution Of Cuba1516 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough most of the world’s food supply c omes from rural areas, those areas are the ones with the most food deficient people. Food production grows more rapidly than does the world’s population, but yet there are still many people who lack access to food. Cuba struggled for a long time to recover their agricultural systems and produce enough food for even themselves. Today Cuba’s agricultural production is better and more self-sufficient than ever before. Conserving the environment has growingRead MoreThe Rice Wheat Farming System3246 Words   |  13 PagesRICE-WHEAT FARMING SYSTEM TO THE AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS AND WEATHER Rice wheat farming system: The Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) of south Asia is formed by the sedimentation of alluvial soil by the Indus and the Ganges rivers. The large fertile plain with flowing rivers favours agriculture. The rice-wheat farming system in the Indo-Gangetic plain occupies 13.5 M ha of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal (Timsina and Connor, 2001). In India, the rice-wheat farming system is the major source of food security as itRead Moreâ€Å"Challenges And Risks Of Genetically Engineered Organisms†.1655 Words   |  7 PagesMaking Towards Integrated Agro-Food Systems. This book covers a wide variety of risks associated with genetically engineering our food supply, including discussions on the environment, food safety and WTO agreements regarding trade and economic effects. The portion of this book I found the most interesting, as well as being material that was relevant and added to my original essays discussion of sustainability (1), was found in session 5 â€Å"Sustainable Agricultur al systems and GMOs: Is Co-existenceRead MoreThe Success Of A Green Revolution2650 Words   |  11 Pagesrapid rate owing to increase in staple crops production and famine was completely eradicated in late 20th century (Devereux, 2009). The wheat and rice yield tripled to more than 6tonnes/hectare since 1960s and thereby, eradicated famine by achieving food self-sufficiency (Basu and Scholten, 2012). Moreover, for every 1% increase in yield/hectare more than six million poor people living within $1 per day were uplifted from poverty (Thirtle et al., 2003).The increase in staple crops productivity wereRead MoreSustainable Living3906 Words   |  16 PagesPractitioners of sustainable living often attempt to reduce their â€Å"carbon footprint† by altering methods of transportation, energy consumption and diet. Proponents of sustainable living aim to conduct their lives in ways that are consistent with sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of humanity s symbiotic relationship with the earth s natural ecology and cycles. The practice and general philosophy of ecological living is highly interrelated with the overall principles of sustainable developmentRead MoreWater Conservation1910 Words   |  8 Pages WATER Conservation INTRODUCTION: Water is essential for life on earth. Water is needed  for growing food, keeping ourselves clean, generating  power,  controlling  fire and most importantly to stay alive! This list is simply non-ending. This shows that water is an integral part of our daily life and we are heavily dependent on it.   Water conservation: Refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes such as cleaningRead MoreAgriculture and Technology6502 Words   |  27 Pages iii) MRINAL JANA ( ) School: Kendriya Vidyalaya, IIT Kharagpur - Thank you - AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture

The Value Of Customer Service As A Competitive Tool Essay

1.1 Explain the value of customer service as a competitive tool There are a number of ways a business can gain a competitive edge: excellent service, top of the range products, professional sales techniques and efficient and effective marketing strategies can contribute to the business and make us a market leader. Listening to our customers and acting on feedback can not only keep our loyal customers but encourage new customers. Having a recipe that incorporates all the above is a simple but effective method. Flanagan’s can gain customer loyalty and support by out-competing businesses that offer similar products and services. We do this through market research which will look at our competitors and look at offering something that our competitors don t. We may be more expensive with some products, but our customer service approach and our brand ensures the customers buy from us. All the staff is regularly trained to ensure that we deliver our promise. This ensures that our staff is given their utmost and even going the extra mile to help them. 1.2 Explain the process of mapping the customer journey and its importance in delivering effective customer service. A customer journey map is a way to describe all the experiences a customer has with your organization and the emotional responses they provoke – from their first impression when they walk into the store, to speaking to staff via the telephone or through other communication methods. Customer journey mapping canShow MoreRelatedBusiness Appraisal Through Social Media Analytics1454 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Appraisal through Social Media Analytics Introduction: Social media has changed the business models of many organizations in engaging their customers to develop relationship with their products and services. Social media is also used to build their brands and maintain customer loyalty. Following figures gives an idea about scale of social media. According to searchengingewatch.com, worldwide 1.43 billion people had visited a social networking site in the year 2011. Facebook marketing infographicRead MoreEssay about Value Chain Analysis1201 Words   |  5 PagesValue Chain Analysis Many organizations do not achieve the profits they anticipate by using incorrect methods or models to determine the true costs of products and services. This failure to correctly assess the costs associated with business not only affects the profit margin, but the organizations competitive advantage as well. In order to asses whether the organization is failing to realize optimum resource allocation, the organization should look at the methodology first popularized by MichaelRead MoreComparison of the Resource-Based vs Market-Based View Approaches to Competitive Strategy1474 Words   |  6 Pagesview as approaches to competitive strategy. To what extent are they rival or complementary views? Competitive strategy, after Porter, came to be defined as the strategy of a business unit which seeks to achieve sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). The literature on strategy deems the market-based view (MBV) and the resource –based view (RBV) as two approaches to giving businesses the competitive edge they need to compete in their industries. Aside from having competitive advantage as their ultimateRead MoreA Critical Discussion Of Strategic Model Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagescritical discussion of strategic model (Value chain analysis) Value Chain Analysis is a theory first given by Michel Porter. According to him it is a useful tool for working out how a company can create superior value for their customers. He also suggested that the more value a company can create, the more people will be prepared to pay a good price for their product or service. So every company should make some strategic decision how they can improve their value chain. For Banglalink it is very criticalRead MoreAmazons Value Chain Analysis1620 Words   |  7 PagesValue Chain Analysis In the 1990s, Amazon (Amazon.com) introduced a new business model for entrepreneurs choosing to use the Web as its place of business rather than the traditional brick and mortar companies. Amazon’s e-business and e-commerce business models generated significant revenue for the company and resulted in creating an effective and sustainable competitive advantage for the online retailer. â€Å"Amazon was one of the early movers to recognize the opportunity in both e-commerce and cloudRead MoreCase Study : Mackinnon Equipment And Services1584 Words   |  7 Pages Synopsis MacKinnon Equipment and Services is a mature business in an established market. The company has gone through several significant changes to include storefront expansions, client profile changes, a brand change, and branching into a new equipment sector. One thing that has remained constant is owner Sandy MacKinnon’s commitment to customer service. MacKinnon’s sees future opportunities for growth primarily through market development in current markets. This executive summary is an overviewRead MoreJyske Bank Case Answer1133 Words   |  5 PagesJyske Bank’s new positioning or competitive differentiation strategy? Ans: The Jyske Group is Danish bank that is owned and operated as a business. The company attaches great importance to treating their three groups of stakeholders- shareholders, customers and employees – with equal respect. If the balance shifts in favor of one or two of the groups, this will be to the long-term detriment of all groups (Zeithmal, Bitner and Gremler 1996). 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Value chain analysis is a process where a firm identifies its primary and support activities that add value to its final product and then analyze these activities to reduce costs or increase differentiation. Value chain analysis is also a strategy tool used to analyze internal firm activities. Its goal is to recognize, which activities are the most valuable (i.e. are the source of cost or differentiationRead Morecase study1071 Words   |  5 PagesMia MKT 333, Case Study #5, Snap-On Tools October 17, 2014 Questions: 1. What are the four key components of the Snap-on marketing strategy? The four key components of its marketing strategy is the 4 Ps: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Product: Snap-On offers a huge variety of tools, from hand tools to work stations. These tools are made and tested to cater to its customers and meet their demands for quality and long-time performance. It also offers the most comprehensive custom took

Critically ill Patients in a Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit

Question: Describe about the Implementation of the best practice in nasogastric tube feeding of critically ill patients in a neurosurgical intensive care unit? Answer: Introduction In modern day health care especially for critically ill patient, nanogastric tube feeding plays a significant role. It is also closely concern for the patient who is in care of neurosurgical intensive care unit. Feeding of Nasogastric intubation is a method in which an insertion of sleek, plastic tube is occurred through the passage of nostril, down towards the esophagus, followed by the stomach. With the help of the nasogastric tube, the nurse, physician, etc. provides food, nutrition and medicine to the critically ill patient. In neurosurgical intensive care unit, nasogastric tube are introduced to critically ill patient as they associated with swallowing problem or serious infection in the airway passage is there. There are various significant management factor related to nasogastric tube feeding especially in the case of critically ill patient. Literature Review Previous literature reviews along with meta-analyses of internal nutrition mechanism have been performed to a limited scope. The study of Langmore (2006) mainly emphasised on the comparison of using the feeding tube along with the direct method for providing some significant nutrition element towards neurosurgical intensive care unit patient. Though, findings of this study indicate that there is no significant difference between the selected control groups. It involves characterizing the eligibility of participants such as patients associated with dysphasia or swelling disorder and obviously treated in neurosurgical critical care unit. Based on Norton in 2006 in case of the primary resultant such as Intervention abnormality which defined as any one of the event significant elements to regarding failure in introducing the tube, as well as seasonal displacement? Secondary resultants are several. These are status of nutritional metabolism and risk assessment also takes into the consideration. Here is a clarified diagram of this literature review. With the help of developed Rankin scale, only single report is available. Researchers could not find any remarkable difference in the function ability in the two group, Where MRS 0-3 (RR 0.58, 96% P = 0.06 and cl is 0.35 to 1.0) In the case of critically ill adults in neurosurgical intensive care unit, often abnormal gastric motility is the cause of lack of nutritional optimum target. Here, in this study, Comparison of nasogastric metabolism associated with the nasogastric tube feeding to nasojejunal nutrition has been performed in details. Design involved in this study considered randomized trailing in the controlled group with concerning some specific elements with 17 closed multifaceted, neurosurgical intensive care unit of Australia. The standard energy required is the optimum measurement as per primary result point of view. Secondary resultant expressed incidence in neurosurgical complication, hemorrhage of intestine, and fatal rate in hospital. There are 89 to relating to nasogastric nutrition, and 92 patient are of nasojejunal nutrition group (Law, 2008). The fundamental characteristics are same. Insertion of nasojejunal tube was occurred in 79 (87%) rapid nasojejunal nutrition subject after a span of 15hrs. The deviation result of optimum energy delivered in the form of internal nutrition was 73% in the case of nasojejunal nutritional nutrition which 72% in nutrition associated with nasogastric. (Average difference 1%, 94% confidence interval 4% to 5%, p = .66)..02). As per a clinical trial conducted by Dr. Teresa and colleges The internal nutrition relevance are most of the time demonstrated by aspirating stomach element by gastrointestinal tube insertion at prescribed intervals. In this type of randomization relating to the controlling group of enrolled subjects who admitted to ICU 48 hours, there is having insertion of the gastric tube. Subjects are analyzed on the basis of randomization to either maintain or group related to intervention. (Lunde, 2014) Followed by Ethics Committee of Institutional, 356 patients were recruited (group under control n=180 and intervention group n=179). After the analysis, it shows for the group under intervention having aspirations of tube intervention rate is minimum per day (3.5 versus 5.5 in the group under control, p0.001). In the case of the intervention group, vomiting is increased. (2.2% with comparison to 3.6% and p=0.02). Frequent insertion of a nasogastric tube to grant proper intake of various essential nutrients is the main aspect of this study. Subjects may a case of long duration constituting nasogastric tubes insertion in order to gastrointestinal fluid withdrawal ileus after operation. (Cook and Stawicki, 2012) In subjects, the occurrence of sinusitis relating to nosocomial after intubation associated with naso-enteric is influenced by diagnosis methodology, as well as aspiration. Here the rate of overwrapped sinuses is (10% to 12%), separately radiography (22%) where computed tomography is remarkable (100%). A clinical study performed by Daniel and his colleges on the comparison of a nasogastric tube and nasoenteric tube insertion. Where application of nasoenteric tubes (NETs) is universal and, physicians are most of the time take placement as well as activity, and maintenance for approval. Tube relating to nasogastric systems is applied for decompression nasogastric, feeding to enteral, drug administration, nasal drainage, and other abnormal condition like bleeding of gastrointestinal. The study shows that in compare to nasoenteric tube insertion, fatality rate is lower for insertion of the nasogastric tube in critically ill patient. It has been evidenced especially when they are in neurosurgical intensive care unit, where nasoenteric tube insertion is stable as per protocols relating to patient safety (Lanas, 2009). Gastrointestinal tube insertion is preferable over internal nutrition for critically ill patients. In the context of neurosurgical intensive care unit where an intense study is done by Mcclave, where previous is thought to retain the consistency of stomach and reason of some complications relating to infection. After various researchers study is suggested by researchers that among the other therapy of tube nasogastric tube insertion are much effective at least in the morbidity concern. But certainly there is always some associated with physiological risk. McClave and his colleges have shown that 25 of 35 gastric-fed for very complex condition patient in neurosurgical intensive care unit. It has one aspiration of micro during advance feeding time. After the analysis of the resultant getting from the study, it is suggested that various strategies by nasogastric intubation to prevent pneumonia relating to aspiration (Thompson, 2010). A clinical study of the subject is urgently requiring airway therapy from 01.01.2000 to 31.01.2006.where 2,343 subjects having advanced airway therapy. The main diagnoses were various heart related abnormality. The vital reasons of abnormal airways are calculated by percentage wise. Such as related to the larynx (40.9%), immobility of neck (23.7%) and blood related (15.1%). The average attempts for nasogastric tube intubation are 4.6 versus 2.2 for all circumstances. The fatality rate of 41.5% within the subjects associated with difficult airways compare to who had airway management (41%). So the researchers suggest that there are no such remarkable differences in between nasogastric tube feeding and other related therapy. Out of all participants, only 0.3% is failed in airway management (van der Star, 2012). To measure the amount of food elements, nutrients which are prescribed, and passes through the nasogastric tube in neurosurgical intensive care unit for critically ill patients by a nutritionist Collins in 2006. It is suggested that with the nasogastric tube patient has received 63.5% more nutrition element compare to other intubation therapy. Researchers conducted the study for 484 days of nutrition (Wang, Liu, and Huang, 2014). A combined clinical review on nasogastric tube feeding associating its advantages and risk factor by Williams and his colleges' internal nutrition was taken up by 375 participants. Nutrition days which is a significant factor is analyzed which reflects 63.5% caloric intake. It was supplied enter ally. However 78% of the average caloric required was noted, and among these 71% was delivered. The proper amount calories which are delivered versus the amount which significantly prescribed as lower in parenteral -intake (86.7% vs. 112.3% where p .001). (Williams, Davies, Dobb 2013) Depending upon the tolerance of the digestive system Wong and his colleges performed a clinical trial on 240 no of participants. This study is mainly concerning about the various interruptions in order to get maximum outcomes of the nasogastric tube feeding in neurosurgical intensive care unit. After the analysis of the trial result, researchers focused on some vital factor and categorized them percentage wise. These are as follows tolerance in digestion (27.6%, daily waste average 640mL), management of the airway is about (30.7%, volume of waste 744 mL). Conclusions: As per suggestion of researcher's consistent delivery of some vital nutrition relating to the insertion of the nasogastric tube for patient in neurosurgical intensive care unit. The researchers observed a unique pattern related to the administration of nutrients. According to the findings, nutrients are supplied in relatively small amount then almost whole the part is applied as effectively but when nutrients are delivered in the large amount then wastage of huge percentage of nutrients is there. Wong and Ng, 2008) Conclusion Depending upon all the above literature review, it is acknowledged that among all the therapy related to intubation especially for patient in neurosurgical intensive care unit, nasogastric tube feeding is much more effective. Depending upon the base of various clinical study and research article, there are some fundamental characteristics of critical patient who are given nasogastric tube. References: Davies, A., Morrison, S., Bailey, M., Bellomo, R., Cooper, D., Doig, G., Finfer, S. and Heyland, D. (2012). A multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing early nasojejunal with nasogastric nutrition in critical illness*. Critical Care Medicine, 40(8), pp.2342-2348. Lanas, A. (2009). Education-based approach to addressing non-evidence-based practice in preventing NSAID-associated gastrointestinal complications. WJG, 15(47), p.5953. Law, R. (2008). Problematic fine bore nasogastric intubation: A radiographer led service development. Radiography, 14, pp.e82-e84. Lunde, D. (2014). Extrauterine Growth Restriction: What is the Evidence for Better Nutritional Practices in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit?. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 14(3), pp.92-98. Prabhakaran, S., Doraiswamy, V., Nagaraja, V., Cipolla, J., Ofurum, U., Evans, D., Lindsey, D., Seamon, M., Kavuturu, S., Gerlach, A., Jaik, N., Eiferman, D., Papadimos, T., Adolph, M., Cook, C. and Stawicki, S. (2012). Nasoenteric Tube Complications. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, 101(3), pp.147-155. Thompson, R. (2010). Endoscopy: Acoustic lubrication reduces pain and discomfort associated with nasogastric intubation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7(12), pp.654-654. van der Star, M. (2012). Continuous versus bolus nasogastric tube feeding in premature neonates: Randomized controlled trial. OJPed, 02(03), pp.214-218. Wang, J., Liu, M., Liu, C., Ye, Y. and Huang, G. (2014). Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review. Journal of Radiation Research, 55(3), pp.559-567. Williams, T., Leslie, G., Mills, L., Leen, T., Davies, H., Hendron, D. and Dobb, G. (2013). Frequency of Aspirating Gastric Tubes for Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition in the ICU: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 38(7), pp.809-816. Wong, E. and Ng, Y. (2008). The difficult airway in the emergency department. Int J Emerg Med, 1(2), pp.107-111.

Literature Review of Reckon

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review of Reckon. Answer: Introduction According to Osman, El Beltagi and Hardaker (2015) in the last few years, there were significant changes happened in the business scenario as well as accounting profession. The accounting software packages like Reckon is used by the small and medium business organizations help them to meet their current and future business requirement by analyzing their expenses and revenues from the business. Using the results from accounting software package, the organization can also develop business strategies in order to have competitive advantage in the market. The following report contributes to the history of Reckon one, development, adoption of the package, current market size of the package, leaders and competitors in the market. Furthermore, the report also comprises discussion on the challenges the product faces in the market and recommendations to improve the performance. History of Reckon Reckon is limited was established by Greg Wilkinson in the year 1987, and the company was selling accounting software packages in Australia that were developed and designed in UK. In the year 1993, the company first provided the personal finance software named Reckon Quicken (Manochehri, Al-Esmail and Ashrafi 2012). In the next year they released its first business accounting solution as Reckon QuickBooks. In the year 2002, the company tied up with Microsoft so that the solution can integrate with the Microsoft office package. After this, in the year 2013 the company launched the automated data entry application as Reckon Syndirect. In the year 2016, the company released the most awaited module of payroll management. This module is named as Game On. The accounting packages are made to meet the requirements of small, medium and larger business accounting process. Presently, the company is providing accounting support with its package to almost 600, 000 business organizations throughou t Australia and New Zealand. Development and adoption of Reckon Previously the company provided the traditional accounting software packages to its clients. In the year 2013 the company realized the change in the demand from the clients side (Geerts et al. 2013). After this, they launched the cloud based solution for which the clients have to pay for the services as they use it or on a subscription basis. Figure 1: The logo of Reckon (Source: Reckon Australia, 2016) The Reckon is a effective accounting software package, that ought to give an exact and far reaching comes about of operations, which permit brisk correlation amongst present and earlier years information, offers the monetary explanations to be utilized by potential creditors, financiers and administration, encourage recording reports and taxes paid(Manochehri, Al-Esmail and Ashrafi 2012). The Company also used the Hubspot so that it can attract more number of customers. In addition to this it also helped them to increase the rate of conversion from just a website visitor to a potential lead For the business organizations the use and implementation of the accounting software packages is related to tremendous investment and change in the different existing accounting processes. On the contrary, the Reckon provides a flexible payment options (Geerts et al. 2013. Most importantly, Reckon provides a 30 day trial for the new visitors or potential customers. In this way the organizations can check the compatibility of the accounting package with its accounting process needs (Robb, Rohde and Green 2014). Moreover, as the company provides different kind of accounting services like, reckon Loans, Reckon Smart vault, Reckon accounts desktop, Reckon point of sale and Reckon invoice. Using these tools the organization can have flexibility in the financial reporting process, designing the chart of different accounts of the business. Current market size of Reckon According to different surveys it is seen that, Reckon acquires 5% of the business of accounting software packages in Australia. The rate is lower than its competitors as the package provided by the company is not a compact one. Therefore the clients have to subscribe for different packages for every accounting process. Till now, the total number of organizations using the services of Reckon is 600,000 and the number of accounting professionals is over 6000. Figure 2: Market share of Reckon in Australian market (Source: Henny et al. 2013, p.192) As per the a given on its official site, 14 % of the Australian companies are registered by them and 70% of the top accounting firms selects its software solutions compared to other packages.in addition to the company claims that, more than 560,000 users shares their financial documents with their solution reckon smart vault that provides an online cloud based services in order enhance the efficiency of the workflow of their organization. Leaders in the market and reasons that gives them the competitive advantage In the Australian market there are several other accounting software solution package providers that are way ahead of Reckon. Some of them are, MYOB, Xero, SAASU and INTUIT. In case of the INTUIT, it provides optical character recognition for the bills in order to automate the data entry operation (Robb, Rohde and Green 2014). Furthermore, it also provides an ecosystem of large number of apps that helps in completing the accounting services on the go. Again in case of SAASU, the users of the solution can create custom limits for the transactions; the payroll module calculates the taxes automatically without the help of the human interference. In addition to that, this package is also chosen by the organization due to its ability of forecasting the cash flow of the organization. MYOB helps the organization by providing innovative work flow function (Smart bills). In addition to that, ability to include mobile payments in the business and invoice integration makes it an obvious competitor of the business organization. Xero provides cloud based services similar to the Reckon. In addition to this, it also eases the banking operation of the business organization as the solution has auto coded bank rules in it. Furthermore, the solution has large group of connecting apps to complete the different accounting process. It helps the accountants to do their tasks on the go using their smart devices like smart phones and tablets. Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting software In implementing and using the Reckon software package, it is important to store all the previous business data of the organization so that the integrity of the business can be maintained. This conversion of data needs a lot of time. At the same time, while entering or integrating the new Reckon package it is important to have ensure the accuracy and integrity of the financial data. Again as the data is stored in the cloud, therefore the business organization would not have any control over its financial data and it has to depend on the Reckons security mechanisms. This causes lack of confidence in the clients of Reckon and consequently affects the adoption of the package. Even though the services are provided through the cloud based services that needs lesser amount of hardware and software equipments but on the contrary to maintain the whole process, the organization has to hire technical experts that will incur more expenses for the accounting process. Reckon provides different packages for different financial process (like payroll module for maintain the salary of the employees, invoicing module for managing the purchase and sales of the organization etc. (Robb, Rohde and Green 2014). Therefore, the business organizations have to subscribe for the different modules and pay for each module they require. Maintenance and up gradation is another challenge in using the software solution package provided by Reckon. As the cloud based services are updated with time, then the hardware, software and network equipments used by the client organization must be upgraded which will again ask for a lot of investment in order to have compatible equipments to continue with the services provided by Reckon. Recommendations Even though Reckon is providing cloud based accounting solutions to the business organizations in Australia but it does not have the expected growth and market share in the Australian market. Therefore, some recommendations are listed below that can improve the performance of the business of Reckon. Providing project module: As stated above Reckon has launched the payroll module in this, but it still has not released its project that is important for the organization in order to determine which employee is working under a particular project and the amount of salary. Better security to gain confidence: The organization should think about providing better security to the financial data using different security techniques like encryption of the data. This will encourage the customers to select Reckon for their business. Better API: The solution of Reckon suffers from lack of APIs that is important for swapping the financial data with other cloud programs and integrate with them. Conclusion In the above report we have provided discussion on the history adoption market share and current challenges faced by the clients. As there are several competitors in the Australian market, therefore Reckon should think about providing tailored solution for different business organization in a compact package so that clients do not have to subscribe several times for the different modules. In this way the company can be able to acquire larger market share in Australia. References Boonstra, A., 2013. 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